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Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) ________ emotion.


A) primary
B) self-conscious
C) negative
D) unconscious

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Most ________ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.


A) unconscious
B) primary
C) negative
D) self-conscious

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. This behavior continued for a few more days. Some days, Josh would throw tantrums right before his mother dropped him off, and on other days he would cry and scream after his mom left him at the preschool. According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, what type of temperament does Josh have?


A) slow-to-warm-up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) inflexible

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?


A) other-conscious
B) innate
C) regulated
D) synchronous

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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________ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment.


A) Genetic predisposition
B) Parental sensitivity
C) Extraversion
D) Uninhibited disposition

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

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The results of the study conducted by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 indicate that


A) extensive use of day care hurts parent-child relationships.
B) the influence of families and parenting is not weakened by extensive use of day care.
C) a majority of the child care in the first three years of life was of high quality.
D) child-care quality was linked to attachment security at 36 months of age.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Nicole is in the Strange Situation scenario. She does not play with her caregiver nor does she ask her caregiver to pick her up. When the caregiver leaves the room, Nicole continues to play on her own. Even after the caregiver's return, Nicole continues to play on her own. Based on Nicole's behavior in the Strange Situation, what would she be classified as?

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Insecure a...

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Explain how parents can manage and guide their infants' behaviors in an attempt to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors.

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In addition to sensitive parenting that ...

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Separation protest is characterized by


A) rejoicing when the caregiver returns.
B) crying when the caregiver shouts.
C) crying when the caregiver leaves.
D) indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ________ versus shame and doubt.


A) curiosity
B) dependence
C) autonomy
D) fear

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, how long does phase 1 last?


A) from 10 to 18 months
B) from birth to 2 months
C) from 2 to 7 months
D) from 18 to 24 months

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Alexa, a cheerful 2-year-old girl, has just been introduced to her neighbor's puppy. She has never played with a puppy before. Therefore, she is excited and anxious to play with it. She looks toward her mom, who gives her a reassuring smile. Alexa then moves forward confidently to pet the puppy. Identify the term used to describe this situation.

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Baby Tia is crying. Her crying is characterized by the sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding. Identify this type of cry.

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What are some cultural differences that occur in the emotional experiences of infants?

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Cultural differences occur in emotional ...

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Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in ________.


A) independence
B) reciprocal socialization
C) sensation
D) behavioral organization

E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

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Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that ________ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.


A) the lack of innate emotions in the infant brain
B) the structural immaturity of the infant brain
C) incomplete myelination in the first two months
D) the lack of reciprocity of emotional expressions

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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Tara holds her two-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in


A) face-to-face play.
B) parallel play.
C) joint attention.
D) imitation.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following statements is true about soothing crying infants?


A) Developmental psychologists increasingly agree that soothing crying infants is important to help infants develop a sense of trust.
B) Research shows that fathers are more likely than mothers to use soothing techniques to reduce infant crying.
C) Infants typically soothe themselves and seldom depend on their caregivers to help soothe their emotions.
D) A mother's negative emotions to her infant's cries are linked to higher self-confidence in the child's later years.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following statements about child care and socioeconomic status is true?


A) High-quality child care is available only to those children whose parents are wealthy.
B) Children are more likely to experience poor-quality child care if their parents have few resources.
C) Children staying in day care for longer than 40 hours/week tend to experience depression regardless of the quality of care.
D) There is not enough research on child care and socioeconomic status to be able to make any correlations.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following statements is true regarding separation protest?


A) The percentage of infants who engaged in separation protest seldom varied across cultures.
B) Infants reached a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures.
C) It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.
D) It peaks at about 24 months among U.S. infants.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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